

The Unique and Its Own by Max Stirner
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The Unique and Its Own by Max Stirner (originally published in 1844 as Der Einzige und sein Eigentum, often translated as The Ego and Its Own) is a groundbreaking and provocative philosophical work that champions radical individualism and egoism. Stirner’s central argument is that the individual—the unique self (“Der Einzige”)—is the only true reality, and all abstract concepts such as state, religion, morality, and society are “spooks” (ideological illusions) that dominate and enslave individuals. Stirner critiques all forms of authority and collective ideologies, whether religious, political, or philosophical, asserting that they demand submission and sacrifice from individuals in favor of higher causes. He argues for the liberation of the individual from these external constraints by embracing egoism: a philosophy where the self becomes its own master and owner (“Eigentum”). Throughout the book, Stirner takes aim at religion (both theism and atheism), humanism, liberalism, and socialism, portraying them all as forms of domination. He calls for individuals to recognize their unique existence and act in accordance with their own interests and desires, free from imposed duties or obligations. The Unique and Its Own had a profound influence on existentialist, anarchist, and post-structuralist thought, inspiring figures such as Friedrich Nietzsche, Emma Goldman, and Michel Foucault. It remains a powerful and controversial text that challenges readers to rethink notions of freedom, autonomy, and identity.