How did ancient Stoics approach physical exercise and movement?

The ancient Stoics recognized physical exercise as a crucial part of their philosophy, which emphasized resilience, self-discipline, and the health of both mind and body. Unlike some philosophical schools that prioritized the intellectual over the physical, Stoicism advocated for a harmonious balance. Stoic thinkers such as Seneca, Epictetus, and the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius considered physical well-being essential for fostering the mental toughness and virtuous character central to their teachings.

Seneca, in his moral letters, advises moderation in exercise, suggesting that one should engage in physical activities sufficient to invigorate the body but not to exhaust it. He famously criticized those who exhausted themselves, saying that one should not work out to the point of fatigue, which could hinder mental activities. The ideal was to maintain physical fitness without crossing into the excesses seen in professional athletes.

Epictetus, who often emphasized practical wisdom, underscored the importance of maintaining the body so that it could perform its natural functions. His perspective was clear: neglect of physical health could disrupt one’s mental and spiritual pursuits. He advocated for regular, moderate exercise as part of a daily routine to strengthen the body and maintain its efficiency and resilience.

Marcus Aurelius, perhaps the most practically minded when it came to integrating Stoic philosophy into daily life, viewed physical exercise as a duty. In his \'Meditations,\' he refers to the exercises of wrestling, running, and vigorous physical activities that were typical of Roman training regimens. He saw these physical practices not just as beneficial, but necessary for the maintenance of one’s character and moral integrity.

The Stoic approach to physical exercise was deeply integrated with their concept of oikeiosis, the natural affection towards self-preservation and identity. By taking care of their bodies, Stoics believed they were better prepared to face life’s challenges and fulfill their roles in society with honor and integrity. This blend of mental and physical training ensured that a Stoic was not just a thinker but a practitioner of a robust and active way of life.

Thus, the Stoic philosophy towards exercise was not merely about physical health but about cultivating a disciplined and resilient character capable of thriving in the face of adversity. Their regimens were designed to strengthen not only the muscles but also the will, fostering a harmony between the body and the mind that is as relevant today as it was in ancient times.